It was introduced to Polynesia, Island Melanesia, and Madagascar in prehistoric times via Austronesian sailors. Sugarcane was an ancient crop of the Austronesian and Papuan people. The young, unexpanded flower head of Saccharum edule ( duruka) is eaten raw, steamed, or toasted, and prepared in various ways in Southeast Asia, such as certain island communities of Indonesia as well as in Oceanic countries like Fiji. Sugarcane reeds are used to make pens, mats, screens, and thatch. It can be fermented to produce ethanol, which is used to make alcoholic drinks like falernum, rum, and cachaça, but also to make biofuel. It is consumed directly in confectionery, used to sweeten beverages, as a preservative in jams and conserves, as a decorative finish for cakes and pâtisserie, and as a raw material in the food industry. Sucrose (table sugar) is extracted from sugarcane in specialized mill factories. All sugarcane species can interbreed, and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. About 70% of the sugar produced comes from Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids. Sugarcane accounts for 79% of sugar produced globally (most of the rest is made from sugar beets). Grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, totaling 1.9 billion tonnes in 2020, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total.

It is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, which accumulates in the stalk internodes. Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of (often hybrid) tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production. For the songs, see Sugarcane (Camidoh song) and Sugarcane (New Order song). For the EP by Tiwa Savage, see Sugarcane (EP).

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